Six Principles of Political Realism by Hans J. Morgenthau

  1. …politics, like society in general, is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.
  2. …the concept of interest defined in terms of power
  3. …power is an objective category which is universally valid, but it does not endow that concept with a meaning that is fixed
  4. …aware of the ineluctable tension between the moral command and the requirements of successful political action
  5. Political realism refuses to identify the moral aspirations of a particular nation with the moral laws that govern the universe. […] it is exactly the concept of interest defined in terms of power that saves us from both that moral excess and that political folly.
  6. Political realism is based upon a pluralistic conception of human nature.

    …Real man is a composite of “economic man,” “political man,” “moral man,” “religious man,” etc. A man who was nothing but “political man” would be a beast, for he would be completely lacking in moral restraints. A man who was nothing but “moral man” would be a fool, for he would be completely lacking in prudence. A man who was nothing but “religious man” would be a saint, for he would be completely lacking in worldly desires.

    Intellectually, the political realist maintains the autonomy of the political sphere, as the economist, the lawyer, the moralist maintain theirs. He thinks in terms of interest defined as power, as the economist thinks in terms of interest defined as wealth; the lawyer, of the conformity of action with legal rules; the moralist, of the conformity of action with moral principles. The economist asks: “How does this policy affect the wealth of society, or a segment of it?” The lawyer asks: “Is this policy in accord with the rules of law?” The moralist asks: “Is this policy in accord with moral principles?” And the political realist asks: “How does this policy affect the power of the nation?” (Or of the federal government, of Congress, of the party, of agriculture, as the case may be.)